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Overview

Generalities
Agents Several agents:
 
1) Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus): the serotypes responsible of invasive infection are A, B, C, W135, Y, X
- Haemophilus influenza: there are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): there are more than 90 serotypes
- Other bacterial agents: listeria, staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, tuberculosis …
 
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (1-11, 14, 16-18, 22, 24), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (1-7, 9-23, 25, 27, 30-33), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus: with 2 types 1 and 2
- Varicella / Chicken-pox: Human (alpha) herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae,
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (arenavirus)
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: the sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and the Uukuniemi group.
-Other virus: arboviruses…
 
3) Parasites and fungi:
- Leptospirosis: Spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans  (25 serogroups)
- Other:  Candida albicans, cryptococcal, syphilis …
Incubation The incubation varies with the agent.
 
Agent Incubation
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis 3-4 days (2-10 days)
Haemophilus influenza 2-4 days
Streptococcus pneumoniae 1-4 days
Listeria monocytogenes 3-70 days (median of 3 weeks)
Virus  
West Nile virus 3-12 days
Enterovirus 7-14 days (2-35 days)
Herpes 2-12 days
Varicella / Chicken-pox 2-3 weeks
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 8-13 days (15-21 days for meningitis)
Adenovirus 1-10 days
Sandfly fever viruses 3-4 days (up to 6 days)
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira 2-30 days (10 days)
 
 
 
Period of communicability The period of communicability varies with the agent.
 
Agent Period of communicability
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis From onset and up to 24 hours after starting antibiotherapy that has effective concentrations in nasopharynx.
Haemophilus influenza From onset and up to 24-48 hours of starting effective antibiotherapy.
Streptococcus pneumoniae As long as the bacteria is present in the upper respiratory tract.
Listeria monocytogenes - Mothers of infected newborns can shed the bacteria in vaginal discharges and urine 7-0 days after delivery
- Infected patients can shed the bacteria in stool for several months
Virus  
West Nile virus No person-to-person transmission.
Enterovirus - Virus excreted in stools for several weeks
- Virus excreted in pharynx for the first 2 weeks post infection
Herpes 2-7 weeks after skin lesions onset.
Varicella / Chicken-pox 2 days before until the skin lesions are crusted (5 days).
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus No person to person transmission.
Adenovirus Shortly prior to and for the duration of the active disease
Sandfly fever viruses Virus present in blood of infected patients 1 day before and 1 day after onset of illness.
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Excreted in urine for 1 month
 
 
Reservoir The reservoir varies with the agent.
 
Agent Reservoir
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Humans
Haemophilus influenza Humans
Streptococcus pneumoniae Humans, possible carriage.
Listeria monocytogenes Soil, forage, water, mud and silage.
Virus  
West Nile virus Birds
Enterovirus Humans
Herpes Humans
Varicella / Chicken-pox Humans
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus House mouse (Mus musculus), hamster colonies. The mouse excretes the virus in saliva, feces and urine.
Adenovirus Humans
Sandfly fever viruses Humans, rodents.
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Wild and domestic animals
 
 
Modes of transmission The modes of transmission vary with the agent.
 
Agent Modes of transmission
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Person to person transmission: direct contact with droplet, nasal and throat discharge
Haemophilus influenza Person to person transmission: direct contact with respiratory, nasal and throat discharge.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Person to person transmission: direct contact with respiratory discharge
Listeria monocytogenes - Food-borne: ingestion of raw or contaminated milk, soft cheese vegetables and ready-to-eat meats (Pate)
- Direct contact with infectious material
- Neonatal: from mother to fetus or from mother to newborn (through the infected birth canal)
- Nosocomial transmission in nursery: via contaminated equipment or material
Virus  
West Nile virus Bite by infected mosquitoes (Culex sp, or Anophele sp)
Enterovirus - Person-to-person:
- Fecal-oral
- Contact with respiratory secretions
- Contact with conjunctival secretions
- Contaminated water / swimming pools
- Flies
Herpes - Person-to-person:
- Contact with saliva
- Sexual contact
- Soiled hands
- Neonatal (infected birth canal)
Varicella / Chicken-pox - Person-to-person:
- Contact with droplets
- Contact with vesicle fluid
- Indirect contact
- Airborne
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Airborne: contaminated dust
- Food-borne: ingestion of contaminated food
- Direct contact: skin contamination or cuts
Adenovirus - Person-to-person:
- Fecal-oral route
- Respiratory transmission
- Inoculation with conjunctival secretions
- Nosocomial
- Contaminated water and swimming pools
Sandfly fever viruses Bite of infective phlebotomine (Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perfiliewi , P. perniciosus, P. major sensu lato )
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira - Contact with abraded skin or mucous membranes with soil, vegetation, contaminated with urine of infected animals or contaminated water
- Direct contact with urine or tissues of infected animals
- Ingestion of food or water contaminated with urine of infected animals
 
 
Clinical The symptoms vary with the agent.
 
Agent Clinical picture
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis, septicaemia
Haemophilus influenza Meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia …
Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis, pneumonia, septicaemia
Listeria monocytogenes  
Virus  
West Nile virus - Usually asymptomatic.
- Complication: meningitis and encephalitis
Enterovirus - Asymptomatic,
- Gastro-enteritis, flu-like illness, aseptic meningitis, paralysis
Herpes - Gingivostomatitis (type1), genital infection (type 2)
- Complications: meningoencephalitis
- Reactivation is possible
Varicella / Chicken-pox - Skin eruption: first maculo-papular then vesicular.
- Complications: pneumonia, hemorrhage, meningoencephalitis
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Influenza-like illness.
- Complications: meningitis, parotiditis, arthritis, myocarditis…
Adenovirus - Epidemic herato-conjunctivitis, gastro-enteritis, pharyngo-conjunctival fever, acute respiratory infection
- Complications: meningoencephalitis
Sandfly fever viruses - Usually self-limited disease: fever, myalgia, headache, photophobia …
- Complications: Aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis (Toscana),
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Rash, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, hepato-renal failure, mental confusion, myocarditis…
 
 
Worldwide  
Agent Profil
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Endemic in the African meninigitis belt (from Senegal to Ethiopa)
Haemophilus influenza Worldwide under 5 years
Streptococcus pneumoniae Worldwide
Listeria monocytogenes Worldwide
Virus  
West Nile virus Widespread in Africa, Middle East, North America, India.
 
Enterovirus Worldwide
Herpes Worldwide
Varicella / Chicken-pox Worldwide
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus America, Europe.
Adenovirus Worldwide
Sandfly fever viruses In Mediterranean counties, Europe and Middle East
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospirose Worldwide
 
 
Lebanon The annual average of reported cases of meningitis is 192.
Among them, meningitis due to Neisseria meningitis occurs with 6 (2-12) cases per year.
Among them, meningitis due to Haemophilus influenza occurs with 1 (0-2) cases per year.
Among them, meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae occurs with 19 (16-21) cases per year.
 
Control objective Control
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
G04BX14 PRILIGY B Dapoxetine (hydrochloride) - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 1,957,979 L.L
J01DC02 ZINNAT B Cefuroxime (axetil) - 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml Granules for suspension 1,120,782 L.L
J07AX BRONCHO-VAXOM ADULTS B Lyophilized bacterial lysates of Haemophilus influenzae, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and ozaenae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and viridans, Neisseria catarrhalis - 7mg Capsule 2,746,814 L.L
L01ED01 XALKORI B Crizotinib - 200mg 200mg Capsule 347,644,061 L.L
A02BX13 GAVISCON DOUBLE ACTION B Sodium alginate - 500mg, Sodium bicarbonate - 213mg, Calcium (carbonate) - 325mg Suspension 517,379 L.L
C05CA54 GINKOR FORT B Heptaminol HCl - 0.300g, Troxerutine - 0.300g, Ginkgo biloba extract - 0.014g Capsule 681,328 L.L
C09CA08 VOTUM B Olmesartan medoxomil - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 954,128 L.L
J07BB01 VAXIGRIP B Influenza vaccine virus inactivated - 15mcg/3strains/0.5ml 15mcg/3strains/0.5ml Injectable suspension 768,678 L.L
L01ED03 ALECENSA B Alectinib - 150mg 150mg Capsule, hard 490,837,809 L.L
N03AX09 LAMICTAL B Lamotrigine - 25mg 25mg Tablet 1,088,270 L.L
R05DB13 SINECOD B Butamirate dihydrogenocitrate - 15mg/10ml 15mg/10ml Syrup, sugar free 521,411 L.L
A02BX13 GAVISCON PEPPERMINT LIQUID B Sodium alginate - 250mg/10ml, Sodium bicarbonate - 133.5mg/10ml, Calcium (carbonate) - 80mg/10ml Suspension 393,746 L.L
C05CX TANAKAN B Ginkgo biloba - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 661,171 L.L
C09CA08 VOTUM B Olmesartan medoxomil - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 954,128 L.L
C10AB04 LOPID B Gemfibrozil - 600mg 600mg Tablet, film coated 498,566 L.L
J07BB01 INFLUVAC TETRA B Influenza virus surface antigens inactivated (haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) - 15mcg/4strains/0.5ml Injectable suspension 970,254 L.L
L01ED04 ALUNBRIG B Brigatinib - 30mg 30mg Tablet, film coated 87,227,357 L.L
V01AA STALORAL B Allergen extracts - 2 x 100IR ou IC/ml Solution 8,449,319 L.L
S01BA15 ILUVIEN B Fluocinolone acetonide - 0.19mg 0.19mg Implant L.L
A03A SPASMOBROM B Pipethanate Ethobromide - 20mg 20mg Tablet, coated 705,517 L.L
C05CX TANAKAN B Ginkgo biloba - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 1,662,333 L.L
G04CA01 XATRAL XL B Alfuzosin HCl - 10mg 10mg Tablet, prolonged release 1,061,636 L.L
J07BB01 VAXIGRIPTETRA, VACCIN GRIPPAL QUADRIVALENT (INACTIVE A VIRION FRAGMENTE) B Influenza vaccine virus (inactivated, split) - 15mcg/4strains/0.5ml Injectable suspension 970,254 L.L
L01ED04 ALUNBRIG B Brigatinib - 90mg 90mg Tablet, film coated 261,678,963 L.L
L02BX02 FIRMAGON B Degarelix (acetate) - 80mg 80mg Injectable powder for solution+diluent 13,361,635 L.L
M01AB16 AIRTAL 100MG 20 B Aceclofenac - 100mg 100mg Tablet, film coated 471,689 L.L
N05BA01 VALIUM B Diazepam - 5mg 5mg Tablet, scored 384,339 L.L
V01AA STALORAL B Allergen extracts - 300 IR ou IC/ml Solution 6,598,267 L.L
A03AA04 DUSPATALIN RETARD B Mebeverine HCl - 200mg 200mg Capsule 895,581 L.L
A10BA02 GLUCOPHAGE B Metformin HCl - 850mg 850mg Tablet, film coated 572,634 L.L
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