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Overview

Generalities
Agents Several agents:
 
1) Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus): the serotypes responsible of invasive infection are A, B, C, W135, Y, X
- Haemophilus influenza: there are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): there are more than 90 serotypes
- Other bacterial agents: listeria, staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, tuberculosis …
 
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (1-11, 14, 16-18, 22, 24), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (1-7, 9-23, 25, 27, 30-33), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus: with 2 types 1 and 2
- Varicella / Chicken-pox: Human (alpha) herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae,
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (arenavirus)
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: the sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and the Uukuniemi group.
-Other virus: arboviruses…
 
3) Parasites and fungi:
- Leptospirosis: Spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans  (25 serogroups)
- Other:  Candida albicans, cryptococcal, syphilis …
Incubation The incubation varies with the agent.
 
Agent Incubation
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis 3-4 days (2-10 days)
Haemophilus influenza 2-4 days
Streptococcus pneumoniae 1-4 days
Listeria monocytogenes 3-70 days (median of 3 weeks)
Virus  
West Nile virus 3-12 days
Enterovirus 7-14 days (2-35 days)
Herpes 2-12 days
Varicella / Chicken-pox 2-3 weeks
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 8-13 days (15-21 days for meningitis)
Adenovirus 1-10 days
Sandfly fever viruses 3-4 days (up to 6 days)
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira 2-30 days (10 days)
 
 
 
Period of communicability The period of communicability varies with the agent.
 
Agent Period of communicability
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis From onset and up to 24 hours after starting antibiotherapy that has effective concentrations in nasopharynx.
Haemophilus influenza From onset and up to 24-48 hours of starting effective antibiotherapy.
Streptococcus pneumoniae As long as the bacteria is present in the upper respiratory tract.
Listeria monocytogenes - Mothers of infected newborns can shed the bacteria in vaginal discharges and urine 7-0 days after delivery
- Infected patients can shed the bacteria in stool for several months
Virus  
West Nile virus No person-to-person transmission.
Enterovirus - Virus excreted in stools for several weeks
- Virus excreted in pharynx for the first 2 weeks post infection
Herpes 2-7 weeks after skin lesions onset.
Varicella / Chicken-pox 2 days before until the skin lesions are crusted (5 days).
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus No person to person transmission.
Adenovirus Shortly prior to and for the duration of the active disease
Sandfly fever viruses Virus present in blood of infected patients 1 day before and 1 day after onset of illness.
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Excreted in urine for 1 month
 
 
Reservoir The reservoir varies with the agent.
 
Agent Reservoir
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Humans
Haemophilus influenza Humans
Streptococcus pneumoniae Humans, possible carriage.
Listeria monocytogenes Soil, forage, water, mud and silage.
Virus  
West Nile virus Birds
Enterovirus Humans
Herpes Humans
Varicella / Chicken-pox Humans
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus House mouse (Mus musculus), hamster colonies. The mouse excretes the virus in saliva, feces and urine.
Adenovirus Humans
Sandfly fever viruses Humans, rodents.
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Wild and domestic animals
 
 
Modes of transmission The modes of transmission vary with the agent.
 
Agent Modes of transmission
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Person to person transmission: direct contact with droplet, nasal and throat discharge
Haemophilus influenza Person to person transmission: direct contact with respiratory, nasal and throat discharge.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Person to person transmission: direct contact with respiratory discharge
Listeria monocytogenes - Food-borne: ingestion of raw or contaminated milk, soft cheese vegetables and ready-to-eat meats (Pate)
- Direct contact with infectious material
- Neonatal: from mother to fetus or from mother to newborn (through the infected birth canal)
- Nosocomial transmission in nursery: via contaminated equipment or material
Virus  
West Nile virus Bite by infected mosquitoes (Culex sp, or Anophele sp)
Enterovirus - Person-to-person:
- Fecal-oral
- Contact with respiratory secretions
- Contact with conjunctival secretions
- Contaminated water / swimming pools
- Flies
Herpes - Person-to-person:
- Contact with saliva
- Sexual contact
- Soiled hands
- Neonatal (infected birth canal)
Varicella / Chicken-pox - Person-to-person:
- Contact with droplets
- Contact with vesicle fluid
- Indirect contact
- Airborne
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Airborne: contaminated dust
- Food-borne: ingestion of contaminated food
- Direct contact: skin contamination or cuts
Adenovirus - Person-to-person:
- Fecal-oral route
- Respiratory transmission
- Inoculation with conjunctival secretions
- Nosocomial
- Contaminated water and swimming pools
Sandfly fever viruses Bite of infective phlebotomine (Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perfiliewi , P. perniciosus, P. major sensu lato )
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira - Contact with abraded skin or mucous membranes with soil, vegetation, contaminated with urine of infected animals or contaminated water
- Direct contact with urine or tissues of infected animals
- Ingestion of food or water contaminated with urine of infected animals
 
 
Clinical The symptoms vary with the agent.
 
Agent Clinical picture
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis, septicaemia
Haemophilus influenza Meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia …
Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis, pneumonia, septicaemia
Listeria monocytogenes  
Virus  
West Nile virus - Usually asymptomatic.
- Complication: meningitis and encephalitis
Enterovirus - Asymptomatic,
- Gastro-enteritis, flu-like illness, aseptic meningitis, paralysis
Herpes - Gingivostomatitis (type1), genital infection (type 2)
- Complications: meningoencephalitis
- Reactivation is possible
Varicella / Chicken-pox - Skin eruption: first maculo-papular then vesicular.
- Complications: pneumonia, hemorrhage, meningoencephalitis
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Influenza-like illness.
- Complications: meningitis, parotiditis, arthritis, myocarditis…
Adenovirus - Epidemic herato-conjunctivitis, gastro-enteritis, pharyngo-conjunctival fever, acute respiratory infection
- Complications: meningoencephalitis
Sandfly fever viruses - Usually self-limited disease: fever, myalgia, headache, photophobia …
- Complications: Aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis (Toscana),
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Rash, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, hepato-renal failure, mental confusion, myocarditis…
 
 
Worldwide  
Agent Profil
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Endemic in the African meninigitis belt (from Senegal to Ethiopa)
Haemophilus influenza Worldwide under 5 years
Streptococcus pneumoniae Worldwide
Listeria monocytogenes Worldwide
Virus  
West Nile virus Widespread in Africa, Middle East, North America, India.
 
Enterovirus Worldwide
Herpes Worldwide
Varicella / Chicken-pox Worldwide
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus America, Europe.
Adenovirus Worldwide
Sandfly fever viruses In Mediterranean counties, Europe and Middle East
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospirose Worldwide
 
 
Lebanon The annual average of reported cases of meningitis is 192.
Among them, meningitis due to Neisseria meningitis occurs with 6 (2-12) cases per year.
Among them, meningitis due to Haemophilus influenza occurs with 1 (0-2) cases per year.
Among them, meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae occurs with 19 (16-21) cases per year.
 
Control objective Control
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
G04CA02 PROSTAFINE G Tamsulosin HCl - 0.4mg 0.4mg Capsule, modified release 761,511 L.L
G04CA02 TALUSIN G Tamsulosin HCl - 0.4mg 0.4mg Capsule, modified release 683,440 L.L
N06AX16 VENLAFAXINE ARROW GENERIQUES LP G Venlafaxine - 150mg 150mg Capsule, prolonged release 987,724 L.L
N06AX16 VENLAFAXINE ARROW GENERIQUES LP G Venlafaxine - 37.5mg 37.5mg Capsule, prolonged release 1,075,074 L.L
N06AX16 VENLAFAXINE BIOGARAN LP G Venlafaxine HCl - 37.5mg 37.5mg Capsule, prolonged release 538,881 L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 1mg 1mg Capsule, prolonged release L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 3mg 3mg Capsule, prolonged release L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 3mg 3mg Capsule, prolonged release 68,645,618 L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 1mg 1mg Capsule, prolonged release 25,729,044 L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 5mg 5mg Capsule, prolonged release 85,485,667 L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 0.5mg 0.5mg Capsule, prolonged release 13,297,758 L.L
M01AB05 OLFEN-100 SR G Diclofenac sodium - 100mg 100mg Capsule, prolonged release 503,941 L.L
N06AX16 DEPREVIX HELLAS G Venlafaxine - 75mg 75mg Capsule, prolonged release 564,414 L.L
N06AX16 DEPREVIX HELLAS G Venlafaxine - 75mg 75mg Capsule, prolonged release 564,414 L.L
N06AX16 VENLAFAXINE ARROW GENERIQUES LP G Venlafaxine - 75mg 75mg Capsule, prolonged release 1,075,074 L.L
N06AX16 VENLAFAXINE BIOGARAN LP G Venlafaxine HCl - 75mg 75mg Capsule, prolonged release 584,571 L.L
N06AX16 DEPREVIX HELLAS G Venlafaxine - 150mg 150mg Capsule, prolonged release 968,910 L.L
N06AX16 DEPREVIX HELLAS G Venlafaxine - 150mg 150mg Capsule, prolonged release 968,910 L.L
N02AA01 SKENAN LP G Morphine sulfate - 10mg 10mg Capsule, prolonged release microgranules 419,279 L.L
N02AA01 SKENAN LP G Morphine sulfate - 30mg 30mg Capsule, prolonged release microgranules 972,942 L.L
N02AA01 SKENAN LP G Morphine sulfate - 60mg 60mg Capsule, prolonged release microgranules 1,990,231 L.L
A03AA04 SPASMINE (Mebeverine HCl 200mg SR) G Mebeverine HCl - 200mg 200mg Capsule, slow release 712,876 L.L
L01EX09 OFEV B Nintedanib - 150mg 150mg Capsule, soft L.L
A11CC03 DERIL G Alfacalcidol - 1mcg 1mcg Capsule, soft 783,460 L.L
L02BB04 XTANDI B Enzalutamide - 40mg 40mg Capsule, soft 278,248,572 L.L
A11CC06 HIDROFEROL G Calcifediol - 0.266mg 0.266mg Capsule, soft 1,316,966 L.L
D10BA01 CONTRACNE ISOTRETINOINE G Isotretinoin - 20mg 20mg Capsule, soft 1,521,230 L.L
D10BA01 CURACNE G Isotretinoin - 5mg 5mg Capsule, soft 856,028 L.L
D10BA01 CONTRACNE ISOTRETINOINE G Isotretinoin - 40mg 40mg Capsule, soft 3,043,803 L.L
G04CB02 DUTASTERIDE ARROW LAB G Dutasteride - 0.5mg 0.5mg Capsule, soft 1,166,455 L.L
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