عربي
English
Quick links
Related sites
Hotline for Health Services for Displaced Lebanese 1787
Hotline for the Patient Admission to Hospitals 01/832700
COVID-19 Vaccine Registration Form covax.moph.gov.lb
MoPH Hotline 1214
Are you a new member? Sign up now
 
Login area | Sign up
Forgot your password? Click here
Let us help you
Read about the latest topics.
Download the new version of the MOPH app 
 
 
 
Be Responsible
#Raise your voice
Send us any Fraudulent Action or Enquiry so we can ALL contribute to make a Difference

Overview

Generalities
Agents Several agents:
 
1) Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus): the serotypes responsible of invasive infection are A, B, C, W135, Y, X
- Haemophilus influenza: there are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): there are more than 90 serotypes
- Other bacterial agents: listeria, staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, tuberculosis …
 
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (1-11, 14, 16-18, 22, 24), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (1-7, 9-23, 25, 27, 30-33), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus: with 2 types 1 and 2
- Varicella / Chicken-pox: Human (alpha) herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae,
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (arenavirus)
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: the sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and the Uukuniemi group.
-Other virus: arboviruses…
 
3) Parasites and fungi:
- Leptospirosis: Spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans  (25 serogroups)
- Other:  Candida albicans, cryptococcal, syphilis …
Incubation The incubation varies with the agent.
 
Agent Incubation
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis 3-4 days (2-10 days)
Haemophilus influenza 2-4 days
Streptococcus pneumoniae 1-4 days
Listeria monocytogenes 3-70 days (median of 3 weeks)
Virus  
West Nile virus 3-12 days
Enterovirus 7-14 days (2-35 days)
Herpes 2-12 days
Varicella / Chicken-pox 2-3 weeks
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 8-13 days (15-21 days for meningitis)
Adenovirus 1-10 days
Sandfly fever viruses 3-4 days (up to 6 days)
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira 2-30 days (10 days)
 
 
 
Period of communicability The period of communicability varies with the agent.
 
Agent Period of communicability
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis From onset and up to 24 hours after starting antibiotherapy that has effective concentrations in nasopharynx.
Haemophilus influenza From onset and up to 24-48 hours of starting effective antibiotherapy.
Streptococcus pneumoniae As long as the bacteria is present in the upper respiratory tract.
Listeria monocytogenes - Mothers of infected newborns can shed the bacteria in vaginal discharges and urine 7-0 days after delivery
- Infected patients can shed the bacteria in stool for several months
Virus  
West Nile virus No person-to-person transmission.
Enterovirus - Virus excreted in stools for several weeks
- Virus excreted in pharynx for the first 2 weeks post infection
Herpes 2-7 weeks after skin lesions onset.
Varicella / Chicken-pox 2 days before until the skin lesions are crusted (5 days).
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus No person to person transmission.
Adenovirus Shortly prior to and for the duration of the active disease
Sandfly fever viruses Virus present in blood of infected patients 1 day before and 1 day after onset of illness.
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Excreted in urine for 1 month
 
 
Reservoir The reservoir varies with the agent.
 
Agent Reservoir
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Humans
Haemophilus influenza Humans
Streptococcus pneumoniae Humans, possible carriage.
Listeria monocytogenes Soil, forage, water, mud and silage.
Virus  
West Nile virus Birds
Enterovirus Humans
Herpes Humans
Varicella / Chicken-pox Humans
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus House mouse (Mus musculus), hamster colonies. The mouse excretes the virus in saliva, feces and urine.
Adenovirus Humans
Sandfly fever viruses Humans, rodents.
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Wild and domestic animals
 
 
Modes of transmission The modes of transmission vary with the agent.
 
Agent Modes of transmission
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Person to person transmission: direct contact with droplet, nasal and throat discharge
Haemophilus influenza Person to person transmission: direct contact with respiratory, nasal and throat discharge.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Person to person transmission: direct contact with respiratory discharge
Listeria monocytogenes - Food-borne: ingestion of raw or contaminated milk, soft cheese vegetables and ready-to-eat meats (Pate)
- Direct contact with infectious material
- Neonatal: from mother to fetus or from mother to newborn (through the infected birth canal)
- Nosocomial transmission in nursery: via contaminated equipment or material
Virus  
West Nile virus Bite by infected mosquitoes (Culex sp, or Anophele sp)
Enterovirus - Person-to-person:
- Fecal-oral
- Contact with respiratory secretions
- Contact with conjunctival secretions
- Contaminated water / swimming pools
- Flies
Herpes - Person-to-person:
- Contact with saliva
- Sexual contact
- Soiled hands
- Neonatal (infected birth canal)
Varicella / Chicken-pox - Person-to-person:
- Contact with droplets
- Contact with vesicle fluid
- Indirect contact
- Airborne
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Airborne: contaminated dust
- Food-borne: ingestion of contaminated food
- Direct contact: skin contamination or cuts
Adenovirus - Person-to-person:
- Fecal-oral route
- Respiratory transmission
- Inoculation with conjunctival secretions
- Nosocomial
- Contaminated water and swimming pools
Sandfly fever viruses Bite of infective phlebotomine (Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perfiliewi , P. perniciosus, P. major sensu lato )
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira - Contact with abraded skin or mucous membranes with soil, vegetation, contaminated with urine of infected animals or contaminated water
- Direct contact with urine or tissues of infected animals
- Ingestion of food or water contaminated with urine of infected animals
 
 
Clinical The symptoms vary with the agent.
 
Agent Clinical picture
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis, septicaemia
Haemophilus influenza Meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia …
Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis, pneumonia, septicaemia
Listeria monocytogenes  
Virus  
West Nile virus - Usually asymptomatic.
- Complication: meningitis and encephalitis
Enterovirus - Asymptomatic,
- Gastro-enteritis, flu-like illness, aseptic meningitis, paralysis
Herpes - Gingivostomatitis (type1), genital infection (type 2)
- Complications: meningoencephalitis
- Reactivation is possible
Varicella / Chicken-pox - Skin eruption: first maculo-papular then vesicular.
- Complications: pneumonia, hemorrhage, meningoencephalitis
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Influenza-like illness.
- Complications: meningitis, parotiditis, arthritis, myocarditis…
Adenovirus - Epidemic herato-conjunctivitis, gastro-enteritis, pharyngo-conjunctival fever, acute respiratory infection
- Complications: meningoencephalitis
Sandfly fever viruses - Usually self-limited disease: fever, myalgia, headache, photophobia …
- Complications: Aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis (Toscana),
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Rash, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, hepato-renal failure, mental confusion, myocarditis…
 
 
Worldwide  
Agent Profil
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Endemic in the African meninigitis belt (from Senegal to Ethiopa)
Haemophilus influenza Worldwide under 5 years
Streptococcus pneumoniae Worldwide
Listeria monocytogenes Worldwide
Virus  
West Nile virus Widespread in Africa, Middle East, North America, India.
 
Enterovirus Worldwide
Herpes Worldwide
Varicella / Chicken-pox Worldwide
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus America, Europe.
Adenovirus Worldwide
Sandfly fever viruses In Mediterranean counties, Europe and Middle East
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospirose Worldwide
 
 
Lebanon The annual average of reported cases of meningitis is 192.
Among them, meningitis due to Neisseria meningitis occurs with 6 (2-12) cases per year.
Among them, meningitis due to Haemophilus influenza occurs with 1 (0-2) cases per year.
Among them, meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae occurs with 19 (16-21) cases per year.
 
Control objective Control
    1
    ...
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17
    ...
    193
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
All
ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
J05AX12 TIVICAY B Dolutegravir - 50mg 50mg Tablet, film coated 54,508,037 L.L
L04AX06 IMNOVID B Pomalidomide - 2mg 2mg Capsule, hard 290,515,206 L.L
N05AX08 RISPERDAL B Risperidone - 2mg 2mg Tablet, film coated 323,866 L.L
R03DX10 FASENRA B Benralizumab - 30mg 30mg Injectable solution 214,213,273 L.L
A07EC02 SALOFALK B Mesalazine - 4g/60ml 4g/60ml Enema 3,796,355 L.L
A10BX02 NOVONORM B Repaglinide - 2mg 2mg Tablet 666,546 L.L
C09CA01 COZAAR B Losartan potassium - 100mg 100mg Tablet 1,740,596 L.L
D07XC01 LOTRIDERM B Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g, Clotrimazole - 10mg/g Cream 470,345 L.L
J05AX18 PREVYMIS B Letermovir - 240mg 240mg Tablet, film coated 460,943,945 L.L
L04AX06 IMNOVID B Pomalidomide - 4mg 4mg Capsule, hard 290,515,206 L.L
N05AX08 RISPERDAL B Risperidone - 2mg 2mg Tablet, film coated 323,866 L.L
A07EC02 ASACOL B Mesalazine - 1g/100ml 1g/100ml Enema 2,748,158 L.L
G04BE03 VIAGRA B Sildenafil (citrate) - 100mg 100mg Tablet, film coated 2,089,675 L.L
J05AX18 PREVYMIS B Letermovir - 480mg 480mg Tablet, film coated 961,233,292 L.L
M05BA06 BONDRONAT B Ibandronic acid (monosodium monohydrate) - 6mg/6ml 6mg/6ml Injectable concentrated powder for solution 24,963,868 L.L
N07AA02 MESTINON B Pyridostigmine bromide - 60mg 60mg Tablet, sugar coated 3,090,838 L.L
L01ED05 LORBRENA B Lorlatinib - 100mg 100mg Tablet L.L
A07EC02 PENTASA B Mesalazine - 1g 1g Enema 2,791,161 L.L
A10BX02 NOVONORM B Repaglinide - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet 475,720 L.L
D07XC01 DIPROSALIC B Salicylic acid - 30mg/g, Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g Ointment 352,087 L.L
J01CR02 AUGMENTIN B Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 500mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 625mg Tablet 639,958 L.L
J05AX18 PREVYMIS B Letermovir - 240mg/12ml 240mg/12ml Injectable concentrate for solution 23,599,640 L.L
L01XX52 VENCLEXTA B Venetoclax - 100mg 100mg Tablet 707,858,935 L.L
M05BA06 BONVIVA B Ibandronic acid - 3mg/3ml 3mg/3ml Injectable solution 3,144,591 L.L
N02BG06 ACUPAN B Nefopam HCl - 20mg 20mg Injectable solution 365,525 L.L
S01EE06 VYZULTA B Latanoprostene bunod - 0.024% 0.024% Solution 1,948,572 L.L
L01EA04 BOSULIF B Bosutinib - 100mg 100mg Tablet, film coated L.L
A07EC02 SALOFALK B Mesalazine - 1.5g 1.5g Granules, gastro-resistant, prolonged release 6,150,767 L.L
C09CA03 DIOVAN B Valsartan - 80mg 80mg Tablet, film coated 602,041 L.L
L01XX52 VENCLEXTA B Venetoclax - 10mg week 1, Venetoclax - 50mg week 2, Venetoclax - 100mg week 3&4 Tablet 190,943,809 L.L
    1
    ...
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17
    ...
    193
Sitemap
© Copyrights reserved to Ministry of Public Health 2026