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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B02BA01 PHYTOMENADIONE (VITAMINE K1) PANPHARMA G Phytomenadione - 10mg/ml 10mg/ml Solution 740,457 L.L
B05CX01 5% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Glucose - 5% 5% Injectable solution 159,736 L.L
C10AA05 TARDELIP G Atorvastatin - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 880,537 L.L
G04BE03 VIRECTA G Sildenafil - 100mg 100mg Tablet, film coated 584,571 L.L
J01CR02 AMOCLAN BID G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet 456,906 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROCIN G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film-scored 240,548 L.L
J07AH08 MENQUADFI G Meningococcal (serogroups A, C, W and Y) conjugate vaccine - Injectable solution 4,859,334 L.L
N03AX16 PMS-PREGABALIN G Pregabalin - 75mg 75mg Capsule 1,776,560 L.L
N06AB05 PMS-PAROXETINE G Paroxetine (HCl) - 20mg 20mg Tablet 731,050 L.L
L01CD04 CABAZITAXEL EVER PHARMA G Cabazitaxel - 60mg/6ml 10mg/ml Injectable concentrate for solution L.L
A02BC01 OMEPRAL G Omeprazole - 20mg 20mg Capsule, delayed release 213,735 L.L
B05CX01 5% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Glucose - 5% 5% Injectable solution 179,272 L.L
C03CA01 APO-FUROSEMIDE G Furosemide - 40mg 40mg Tablet, scored 862,747 L.L
C09CA01 LOSANET G Losartan potassium - 100mg 100mg Tablet 395,474 L.L
C10AA05 TARDEN G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 880,537 L.L
G04BE03 SILDENAFIL STRAGEN G Sildenafil - 20mg 20mg Tablet, coated 38,048,630 L.L
J01CR02 ARDINECLAV G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet 431,309 L.L
J01MA02 CIPRODAR G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 392,402 L.L
M01AE01 PROFINAL G Ibuprofen - 600mg 600mg Tablet 302,365 L.L
N03AX16 PREGABADOR G Pregabalin - 75mg 75mg Capsule, hard 364,181 L.L
N06AB05 UNIROX G Paroxetine (HCl) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 854,684 L.L
J05AF10 ENTECAVIR ARROW G Entecavir - 1mg 1mg Tablet, coated L.L
A02BC01 OMEPRAZOLE PHARMADEX G Omeprazole - 20mg 20mg Capsule 415,951 L.L
A07EA02 HEMORRANE G Hydrocortisone acetate - 10mg/g 10mg/g Ointment 710,893 L.L
B05CX01 5% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Glucose - 5% 5% Injectable solution 191,913 L.L
C03CA01 BIOLASOMIDE G Furosemide - 40mg 40mg Tablet 181,419 L.L
C09CA01 LOSARTAN BIOGARAN G Losartan potassium - 100mg 100mg Tablet, coated 439,436 L.L
C10AA05 TORVACOL 20 G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, coated 1,128,828 L.L
D07CC01 BETAFUCIN G Fusidic acid - 20mg/g, Betamethasone valerate - 1mg/1g Cream 210,983 L.L
J01CR02 CURAM G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet, film coated 520,619 L.L
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