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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
M01AE17 KETESSE B Dexketoprofen (trometamol) - 50mg/2ml 50mg/2ml Injectable solution 435,405 L.L
L01FX04 YERVOY BioTech Ipilimumab - 50mg/10ml 50mg/10ml Injectable solution L.L
B05BC01 MANNITOL G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 613,662 L.L
M01AE17 DEXIREN G Dexketoprofen - 50mg/2ml 50mg/2ml Injectable solution 467,657 L.L
B05BC01 MANNITOL 20% INJECTION USP G Mannitol - 20% 20% Injectable solution 374,633 L.L
M01AE17 NORMODEX G Dexketoprofen (trometamol) - 50mg/2ml 50mg/2ml Injectable solution 329,241 L.L
B05BC01 MANNITOL 20% INJECTION USP G Mannitol - 20% 20% Injectable solution 613,662 L.L
L01FF02 KEYTRUDA BioTech Pembrolizumab - 100mg/4ml 100mg/4ml Injectable solution L.L
B05BC01 MANNITOL 20% INJECTION, USP G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 402,213 L.L
B05BC01 MANNITOL 20% INJECTION, USP G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 402,213 L.L
L01FF01 OPDIVO BioTech Nivolumab - 100mg/10ml 100mg/10ml Injectable solution L.L
B05BC01 OSMITOL G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 579,064 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROFLOXACINE PANPHARMA G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 200mg/100ml 200mg/100ml Injectable solution 5,120,040 L.L
L01FF01 OPDIVO BioTech Nivolumab - 40mg/4ml 40mg/4ml Injectable solution L.L
A04AA02 KYTRIL B Granisetron (HCl) - 3mg/3ml 3mg/3ml Injectable solution 3,711,693 L.L
B05BC01 SERUFLEX MANNITOL 20% INJECTION, USP G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 402,213 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROFLOXACINE PANPHARMA G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 200mg/100ml 200mg/100ml Injectable solution 5,120,040 L.L
L01FG02 CYRAMZA BioTech Ramucirumab - 500mg/50ml 500mg/50ml Injectable solution L.L
B05BC01 SOLUFLEX MANNITOL 20% INJECTION, USP G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 603,320 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROFLOXACINE PANPHARMA G Ciprofloxacin - 200mg/100ml 200mg/100ml Injectable solution 4,914,432 L.L
B05BC01 MANNITOL G Mannitol - 10g/100ml 10g/100ml Injectable solution 329,815 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROLON 200 G Ciprofloxacin (lactate) - 200mg/100ml 200mg/100ml Injectable solution 686,704 L.L
N04BC07 DACEPTON G Apomorphine HCl - 30mg/3ml 30mg/3ml Injectable solution 13,404,432 L.L
A04AA05 ALOXI B Palonosetron HCl - 0.25mg/5ml 0.25mg/5ml Injectable solution 3,656,595 L.L
B05BC01 MANNITOL G Mannitol - 10g/100ml 10g/100ml Injectable solution 494,147 L.L
C02CA06 TACHYBEN G Urapidil - 25mg/5ml 25mg/5ml Injectable solution 1,439,255 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROX G Ciprofloxacine (lactate) - 200mg/100ml 0.2%w/v Injectable solution 520,067 L.L
N04BC07 DACEPTON G Apomorphine HCl Hemihydrate - 100mg/20ml 100mg/20ml Injectable solution 12,678,532 L.L
L04AC05 STELARA BioTech Ustekinumab - 90mg 90mg Injectable solution L.L
A04AA05 VONAXI G Palonosetron HCl - 250mcg/5ml 250mcg/5ml Injectable solution 1,490,321 L.L
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