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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B05AA01 VIALEBEX BioHuman Albumin human - 200g/L 200g/L Injectable solution 3,417,391 L.L
B05XA03 SOLUFLEX SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 218,344 L.L
L01FG01 BEVACIREL BioTech Bevacizumab - 400mg/16ml 400mg/16ml Injectable solution L.L
A03BB01 ANTIPAN G Hyoscine N butylbromide - 20mg/ml Injectable solution 355,798 L.L
B05AA01 YDRALBUM 200G/L BioHuman Albumin human - 10g/50ml Injectable solution 3,417,391 L.L
B05XA03 SOLUFLEX SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 203,405 L.L
J01XX08 ZYVOX IV B Linezolide - 600mg/300ml 600mg/300ml Injectable solution 4,414,523 L.L
L01FG01 BEVACIREL BioTech Bevacizumab - 100mg/4ml 100mg/4ml Injectable solution L.L
A03BB01 ANTIPAN G Hyoscine N butylbromide - 20mg/ml Injectable solution 2,557,140 L.L
B05AA06 GELASPAN B Gelatine, succinylated - 4% 4% Injectable solution 9,107,572 L.L
B05XA03 SOLUFLEX SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 179,272 L.L
H02AB02 DEXAMED G Dexamethasone - 8mg/2ml 8mg/2ml Injectable solution 3,547,744 L.L
J01XX08 LINEDOR G Linezolide - 600mg/300ml 600mg/300ml Injectable solution 2,045,328 L.L
L04AA52 KESIMPTA BioTech Ofatumumab - 20mg/0.4ml 20mg/0.4ml Injectable solution 96,542,598 L.L
L04AB01 ETANERREL BioTech Etanercept - 25mg/0.5ml 25mg/0.5ml Injectable solution L.L
A03BB01 SCOBUREN G Butylscopolamine bromide - 20mg/ml 20mg/ml Injectable solution 370,901 L.L
B05AA07 VOLUVEN B Starch poly(O-2-Hydroxyethyl) - 6% 6% Injectable solution 987,724 L.L
B05XA03 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 160,885 L.L
H02AB02 DEXAMED G Dexamethasone - 8mg/2ml 8mg/2ml Injectable solution 486,471 L.L
J01XX08 LINEZOLID ARROW G Linezolide - 600mg/300ml 2mg/ml Injectable solution 13,282,147 L.L
L01BA04 PEMETREXED NEAPOLIS G Pemetrexed (disodium) - 100mg 100mg Injectable solution 10,554,169 L.L
L04AB01 ALTEBREL BioTech Etanercept - 50mg/1ml 50mg/1ml Injectable solution 14,833,767 L.L
A03BB01 SCOPINAL G Butylscopolamine bromide - 20mg/ml 20mg/ml Injectable solution 178,731 L.L
B05BA01 AMINOVEN 10% B Glacial Acetic Acid 99% - 5.297g/l, L-Proline - 15.0g/l, L-Alanine - 15.0g/l, Glycine - 14.0g/l, L-Histidine - 3.00g/l, L-Arginine - 12.0g/l, L-Valine - 6.20g/l, L-Tryptophan - 2.00g/l, L-Threonine - 4.40g/l, L-Phenylalanine - 5.10g/l, L-Methionine - 4.30g/l, L-Lysine (monoacetate) - 6.60g/l, L-Leucine - 7.40g/l, L-Isoleucine - 5.00g/l Injectable solution 951,440 L.L
B05XA03 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 176,974 L.L
H02AB02 DEXAMEDIS FORT G Dexamethasone Phosphate - 8mg/2ml 8mg/2ml Injectable solution 43,003 L.L
J01XX08 ZERSA G Linezolide - 600mg/300ml 600mg/300ml Injectable solution 3,303,165 L.L
L04AB01 ENBREL BioTech Etanercept - 50mg 50mg Injectable solution 52,197,598 L.L
A03BB01 ? HYOSCINE BUTYLBROMIDE G Hyoscine butylbromide - 20mg/ml 20mg/ml Injectable solution 70,392 L.L
B05BA01 AMINOVEN INFANT B L-Leucine - 13g/l, L-Isoleucine - 8g/l, L-Lysine Acetate - 12g/l, L-Methionine - 3.12g/l, L-Phenylalanine - 3.75g/l, L-Threonine - 4.40g/l, L-Tryptophan - 2.01g/l, L-Valine - 9g/l, Arginine - 7.5g/l, L-Histidine - 4.76g/l, Glycine - 4.15g/l, L-Taurine - 0.40g/l, L-Serine - 7.67g/l, L-Alanine - 9.3g/l, L-Proline - 9.71g/l, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine - 5.176g/l, N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine - 0.70g/l, L-Malic Acid - 2.62g/l 10% Injectable solution 880,217 L.L
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