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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
R03DA05 AMINOPHYLLINE CHILDREN G Aminophylline - 100mg 100mg Suppository 203,496 L.L
R03DA05 AMINOPHYLLINE RENAUDIN G Aminophylline - 250mg/10ml 2.5% Injectable solution 739,113 L.L
R03DA05 AMINOPHYLLINE ADULTS G Aminophylline - 350mg 350mg Suppository 244,451 L.L
C01BD01 CORDARONE B Amiodarone (HCl) - 150mg/3ml 150mg/3ml Injectable concentrated solution 499,909 L.L
C01BD01 CORDARONE B Amiodarone (HCl) - 200mg 200mg Tablet, scored 349,399 L.L
C01BD01 AMIODARONE BIOGARAN G Amiodarone (HCl) - 200mg 200mg Tablet 345,368 L.L
N05AL05 SOLIAN B Amisulpride - 100mg 100mg Tablet, scored 1,048,197 L.L
N05AL05 SOLIAN B Amisulpride - 400mg 400mg Tablet, film-scored 1,764,465 L.L
N06AA09 TRYPTIZOL B Amitryptiline (HCl) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, coated 633,082 L.L
N06AA09 TRYPTIZOL B Amitryptiline (HCl) - 25mg 25mg Tablet, coated 716,716 L.L
C08CA01 AMLODAR 10 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 10mg 10mg Capsule 671,921 L.L
C08CA01 AMLORINE 10 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 10mg 10mg Tablet 959,504 L.L
C08CA01 AMLODIPINE ARROW G Amlodipine (besylate) - 10mg 10mg Capsule 462,282 L.L
C08CA01 AMLOKEY G Amlodipine (besylate) - 10mg 10mg Tablet 397,777 L.L
C08CA01 AMLODIPINE BIOGARAN G Amlodipine (besylate) - 10mg 10mg Capsule 462,282 L.L
C08CA01 TORANS G Amlodipine (besylate) - 10mg 10mg Tablet 716,716 L.L
C08CA01 AMLOCARD 10 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 10mg 10mg Tablet 870,298 L.L
C09DB01 POVAM G Amlodipine (besylate) - 10mg, Valsartan - 160mg Tablet, film coated 857,372 L.L
C09DB01 AMLODIPINE/VALSARTAN ARROW G Amlodipine (besylate) - 10mg, Valsartan - 160mg Tablet, coated 923,220 L.L
C08CA01 LOWRAC 5 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 362,837 L.L
C08CA01 HYPODIPINE 5 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 362,837 L.L
C08CA01 AMLOPHAR G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 388,370 L.L
C08CA01 AMLODAR 5 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 362,837 L.L
C08CA01 LOTENSE G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 388,370 L.L
C08CA01 AMOPRO G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 362,837 L.L
C08CA01 AMLORINE 5 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Tablet 388,370 L.L
C08CA01 AMLODIPINE ARROW G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 462,282 L.L
C08CA01 AMLODIPINE BIOGARAN G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 462,282 L.L
C08CA01 AMLOCARD G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Tablet 473,545 L.L
C08CA01 TORANS G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Tablet 518,339 L.L
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