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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
A07AA11 NORMIX TAB B Rifaximin alpha - 200mg 200mg Tablet, film coated 827,807 L.L
M01AH01 NORMOCOXIB G Celecoxib - 200mg 200mg Capsule, hard 798,242 L.L
L01EX02 NEXAVAR B Sorafenib - 200mg 200mg Tablet, film coated 82,858,698 L.L
C04AX21 NAFTILUX B Naftidrofuryl oxalate acid - 200mg 200mg Capsule 432,717 L.L
C04AX21 NAFTIPRAX B Naftidrofuryl hydrogen oxalate - 200mg 200mg Tablet, film coated 614,328 L.L
J05AG01 NEPINE G Nevirapine - 200mg 200mg Tablet 5,921,678 L.L
M03AX01 NEURONOX BioTech Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin complex - 200units 200units Injectable lyophilised powder for solution 25,175,058 L.L
A02BC01 NEOOPRAZOLE G Omeprazole - 20mg 20mg Capsule, hard, gastro-resistant 407,184 L.L
A02BC05 NEXIUM B Esomeprazole (magnesium trihydrate) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, gastroresistant 1,005,194 L.L
A02BC05 NEXIUM B Esomeprazole (magnesium trihydrate) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, gastroresistant 1,005,194 L.L
A02BC05 NEXPRAZOL 20 G Esomeprazole - 20mg 20mg Tablet, enteric coated 275,168 L.L
L01CA04 NAVELBINE B Vinorelbine (ditartrate) - 20mg 20mg Capsule, soft gelatin 4,048,997 L.L
C08CA05 NIFELAT R G Nifedipine - 20mg 20mg Tablet, sustained release 388,370 L.L
N06AB03 NEANXETIN G Fluoxetine (HCl) - 20mg 20mg Capsule 422,351 L.L
C01DX16 NICORANDIL BIOGARAN G Nicorandil - 20mg 20mg Tablet 822,432 L.L
C01DX16 NICORANDIL BIOGARAN G Nicorandil - 20mg 20mg Tablet 822,432 L.L
M03AC11 NIMBEX B Cisatracurium (besylate) - 20mg/10ml 20mg/10ml Injectable solution 2,010,388 L.L
M03AC11 NIMBEX B Cisatracurium (besylate) - 20mg/10ml 20mg/10ml Injectable solution 2,010,388 L.L
N02AF02 NALBUPHINE RENAUDIN 1% G Nalbuphine HCl - 20mg/2ml 20mg/2ml Injectable solution 1,181,238 L.L
N02BG06 NEO-PAN G Nefopam HCl - 20mg/ml 20mg/ml Injectable solution 494,534 L.L
B02BX04 NPLATE BioTech Romiplostim - 250mcg 250mcg Injectable powder for solution L.L
B02BX04 NPLATE BioTech Romiplostim - 250mcg 250mcg Injectable powder for solution 67,369,332 L.L
M01AE17 NORMODEX G Dexketoprofen - 25mg 25mg Tablet, film coated 279,519 L.L
N03AX16 NEUREXAL G Pregabalin - 25mg 25mg Capsule 321,754 L.L
A10BX02 NOVONORM B Repaglinide - 2mg 2mg Tablet 666,546 L.L
B02BD08 NOVOSEVEN RT BioTech Eptacog alfa (activated) recombinant - 2mg 2mg (100KIU) Injectable powder for solution+diluent 105,957,406 L.L
N04BC09 NEUPRO B Rotigotine - 2mg/24h 2mg/24h Patch 4,427,961 L.L
C01CA03 NORADRENALINE NOREPINEPHRINE (tartrate) Aguettant G Norepinephrine tartrate - 2mg/ml 2mg/ml Injectable solution 1,896,162 L.L
C01CA03 NORADRENALINE NOREPINEPHRINE (tartrate) Aguettant G Norepinephrine tartrate - 2mg/ml 2mg/ml Injectable solution 1,896,162 L.L
L03AA02 NEUPOGEN BioTech Filgrastim - 300mcg/0.5ml 300mcg/0.5ml Injectable solution 5,250,393 L.L
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