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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B05CX01 DEXTROSE G Dextrose, H2O - 10g/100ml 10g/100ml Injectable solution 170,630 L.L
C09CA01 LOSANET G Losartan potassium - 100mg 100mg Tablet 395,474 L.L
C10AA05 TORVALIP 20 G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 972,686 L.L
D07XC01 BETA-MICOTER G Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g, Clotrimazole - 10mg/g Cream 415,951 L.L
J01DB04 CEFAZOL IM/IV G Cefazolin (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable powder 5,375,370 L.L
J01MA12 PILOQ G Levofloxacin - 500mg/100ml 500mg/100ml Injectable solution 980,365 L.L
L04AA31 TERAGIO G Teriflunomide - 14mg 14mg Tablet 49,451,224 L.L
M01AH05 CONSORT G Etoricoxib - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 338,648 L.L
N05AD01 HALOPERIDOL G Haloperidol - 5mg 5mg Tablet 276,448 L.L
N06AX21 DULOXA 60 G Duloxetine HCl - 60mg 60mg Capsule, delayed release 831,903 L.L
S01AE07 MOXITEC G Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 5mg/ml 5mg/ml Drops solution 464,970 L.L
A06AB05 HUILE DE RICIN G Castor oil - Liquid 163,821 L.L
A10BD20 EMPAZIMET G Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Empagliflozin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,840,168 L.L
B05CX01 DEXTROSE G Dextrose, H2O - 10g/100ml 10g/100ml Injectable solution 252,820 L.L
C09CA01 LOSARTAN BIOGARAN G Losartan potassium - 100mg 100mg Tablet, coated 439,436 L.L
C10AA05 TOVAST G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 1,127,484 L.L
G04BE08 APO-TADALAFIL G Tadalafil - 5mg 5mg Tablet 1,635,456 L.L
J01DB04 CEFAZOLIN PANPHARMA G Cefazolin (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 5,521,849 L.L
L04AA31 TERAGIO G Teriflunomide - 14mg 14mg Tablet 23,076,914 L.L
M01AH05 COXIFLAM G Etoricoxib - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 1,109,630 L.L
N02BE01 ADOL G Paracetamol - 250mg 250mg Suppository 124,977 L.L
N06AX21 LOXYT 60 G Duloxetine HCl - 60mg 60mg Capsule, delayed release 831,903 L.L
S01AE07 VIGAMOX G Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 5mg/ml 5mg/ml Drops solution 670,577 L.L
A06AB07 COLON-X G Frangula Purshiana - 62.5mg, Plantago Afra - 100mg, Foeniculum Vulgare - 50mg, Zingiber Officinale - 50mg, Aniseed powder - 20mg, Glycyrrhiza Glabra - 12.5mg, Senna Alexandrina - 25mg Tablet, film coated 833,182 L.L
B01AF01 RIBAVAN G Rivaroxaban - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 1,343,843 L.L
B05CX01 DEXTROSE G Dextrose, H2O - 10g/100ml 10g/100ml Injectable solution 284,997 L.L
C03BA11 RAWEL SR G Indapamide - 1.5mg 1.5mg Tablet, prolonged release 362,837 L.L
C10AA05 TULIP G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 1,263,212 L.L
D07XC03 ELICA M G Mometasone furoate - 0.1%, Miconazole nitrate - 2% Cream 459,594 L.L
G04BE08 DURALIS 5 G Tadalafil - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,791,790 L.L
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