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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
A10BA02 DIANORM XR 750 G Metformin HCl - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated, extended release 500,421 L.L
A10BA02 GLUFORIN XR 750 G Metformin HCl - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated, extended release 500,421 L.L
A10BA02 DIANORM XR 750 G Metformin HCl - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated, extended release 500,421 L.L
J01CA04 OSPAMOX G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated 454,730 L.L
R02AA20 HEXASPRAY COLLUTOIRE PRESSURISE B Biclotymol - 750mg 750mg Spray 353,431 L.L
C01EB18 RANEXA B Ranolazine - 750mg 750mg Tablet, prolonged release 3,985,837 L.L
J01DC02 CEFUZIME G Cefuroxime (sodium) - 750mg 750mg Injectable dry powder 147,823 L.L
J01DC02 CEFUMAX G Cefuroxime (sodium) - 750mg 750mg Injectable dry powder 159,917 L.L
J01DC02 CEFUROXIME – PANPHARMAPOUDRE POUR SOLUTION INJ. IM/IV G Cefuroxime (sodium) - 750mg 750mg Injectable dry powder 3,922,676 L.L
J01DC02 ZILISTEN G Cefuroxime (sodium) - 750mg 750mg Injectable dry powder 155,886 L.L
J01MA12 LEFLUMAX G Levofloxacin (hemihydrate) - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated 1,006,538 L.L
J01DC02 CEFUROXIME – PANPHARMAPOUDRE POUR SOLUTION INJ. IM/IV G Cefuroxime (sodium) - 750mg 750mg Injectable powder for solution 1,651,582 L.L
J01MA12 MATADOR G Levofloxacin - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated 1,126,140 L.L
J01DC02 MAXIL 750 G Cefuroxime - 750mg 750mg Injectable dry powder 159,917 L.L
J01MA12 JOSWE AVOXIN 750 G Levofloxacin - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated 1,550,794 L.L
J01DC02 AXETINE G Cefuroxime sodium - 750mg 750mg Injectable powder for solution 1,193,332 L.L
J01MA12 TAVAQUIN G Levofloxacin (hemihydrate) - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated 1,389,533 L.L
J01MA12 FLOBIOX G Levofloxacin - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated 945,809 L.L
J01DC04 CECLOR MR B Cefaclor (monohydrate) - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated, modified release 1,555,018 L.L
P02CB01 PIPERAZINE CITRATE G Piperazine citrate - 750mg/5ml 750mg/5ml Elixir 113,907 L.L
L01XX24 ONCASPAR B Pegaspargase - 750U/ml 750U/ml Injectable powder for solution 172,758,585 L.L
L01XX24 ONCASPAR B Pegaspargase - 750U/ml 750U/ml Injectable powder for solution L.L
G03GA02 MENOPUR BioHuman Menotropin - 75IU 75IU Injectable concentrated powder for solution+diluent 16,864,077 L.L
G03GA02 MENO-CLAIR HP-HMG BioHuman Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin, Highly purified - 75IU 75IU Injectable powder for solution + solution 1,045,509 L.L
G03GA02 MERIONAL HG BioHuman Menotropin - 75IU 75IU Injectable powder + solvent 24,771,315 L.L
G03GA04 FOSTIMON BioHuman Urofollitropin - 75IU 75IU Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 15,744,000 L.L
G03AC09 CERAZETTE B Desogestrel - 75mcg 75mcg Tablet, film coated 407,184 L.L
L04AC18 SKYRIZI BioTech Risankizumab - 75mg 75mg Injectable solution 194,911,251 L.L
R05CB06 MUCOSOLVAN LA B Ambroxol HCl - 75mg 75mg Capsule 345,368 L.L
R05CB06 SOLVAMUC SR G Ambroxol - 75mg 75mg Capsule 276,448 L.L
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