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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
J01MA12 JOSWE AVOXIN 750 G Levofloxacin - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated 1,550,794 L.L
L01EX02 NEXAVAR B Sorafenib - 200mg 200mg Tablet, film coated 82,858,698 L.L
L04AA32 OTEZLA B Apremilast - 4x10mg- 4x20mg- 19x30mg Tablet, film coated 34,751,325 L.L
B02BX05 REVOLADE B Eltrombopag Olamine - 25mg 25mg Tablet, film coated 75,701,015 L.L
C10AA07 CRESTOR B Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 804,962 L.L
G04BX14 PRIXETIN 30 G Dapoxetine (hydrochloride) - 30mg 30mg Tablet, film coated 2,105,353 L.L
J01MA12 LEFLUMAX G Levofloxacin (hemihydrate) - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated 1,006,538 L.L
L01EX03 VOTRIENT B Pazopanib HCl - 400mg 400mg Tablet, film coated 77,725,025 L.L
L04AA32 APRIVA STARTER PACK G Apremilast - 10mg, Apremilast - 20mg, Apremilast - 30mg Tablet, film coated 22,154,866 L.L
N02BE01 EFFERALGAN B Paracetamol - 1g 1g Tablet, film coated 129,009 L.L
B02BX05 REVOLADE B Eltrombopag Olamine - 50mg 50mg Tablet, film coated 69,643,660 L.L
G04BX14 PRILIGY B Dapoxetine (hydrochloride) - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 1,957,979 L.L
J01DC02 CEFUZIME G Cefuroxime (axetil) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 490,503 L.L
J01MA12 MATADOR G Levofloxacin - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated 1,126,140 L.L
L01EX03 VOTRIENT B Pazopanib HCl - 200mg 200mg Tablet, film coated 42,465,160 L.L
L04AA32 OTEZLA B Apremilast - 30mg 30mg Tablet, film coated 49,829,454 L.L
C10AA07 CONSIVAS 20 G Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 450,187 L.L
G04BX14 DEPOYOY G Dapoxetine (hydrochloride) - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 1,565,577 L.L
J01DC02 ZINOXIMOR G Cefuroxime (axetil) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 698,798 L.L
J01MA12 TAVAQUIN G Levofloxacin (hemihydrate) - 750mg 750mg Tablet, film coated 1,389,533 L.L
L01EX05 STIVARGA B Regorafenib - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 262,387,816 L.L
L04AA32 APRIVA G Apremilast - 30mg 30mg Tablet, film coated 41,455,526 L.L
C10AA07 CRESOTAB G Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 517,379 L.L
G04BX14 PRIXETIN 60 G Dapoxetine (hydrochloride) - 60mg Tablet, film coated 1,479,123 L.L
J01MA14 AVALOX B Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 400mg 400mg Tablet, film coated 1,087,169 L.L
L01EX07 CABOMETYX B Cabozantinib - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 424,098,997 L.L
M01AH05 ARCOXIA B Etoricoxib - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 1,685,178 L.L
C10AA07 CRESULIP 20 G Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 575,933 L.L
J01MA14 AVALOX B Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 400mg 400mg Tablet, film coated 1,521,230 L.L
L01EX07 CABOMETYX B Cabozantinib - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 424,098,997 L.L
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